krakatau mountain

Krakatau Mountain entered the regency territory of South Lampung, Lampung Province, Indonesia. Considering the Krakatau Mountain (Krakatoa), our memory was directed to the eruption that was horrifying on August 27 1883. It seems, the eruption voice of the Krakatau Mountain at that time reached the radius 4.500 kilometers from the central point of the eruption. The dust jumped to air achieved the height 80 kilometers above sea level and reportedly could be seen from Norwegian sky and New York.

The horrifying eruption triggered the wave of Pair Sea as high as 40 meters and turned approximately 165 villages upside down as well as killed approximately 36,417 people that were all along the Lampung Gulf and the West Coast Banten. The Guinness Book of Record recorded as the biggest explosion that had been printed in the history of modern humankind. The scientists categorized the eruption as the super volcano eruption. This eruption at the same time ended the activity of the rest of Krakatau Mountain that the rest of the at this time still could be seen in the Rakata Besar Mountain. Today, the attraction of the mountain that was in the Sunda Strait Waters that separated the Java Island from the Sumatran Island was located in exotics the landscape of the eruption of the Krakatau Mountain and the activity of the child of Krakatau Mountain that was fluctuating of the remnants. Moreover, the height of the child of Krakatau Mountain that always improved from time to time also to the other attraction of the mountain that was located in this Krakatau Island.

Full of the mystery but exotic. Horrifying but also enchanted. Such was approximately the impression when visiting the Krakatau Mountain region. The horrifying eruption during 1883 indeed destroyed almost the Krakatau Mountain body, but the same eruption left the very beautiful landscape that was considered the eyes. The attraction of the caldera (the big crater) that was surrounded by the Rakata Besar Mountain, Rakata Kecil Mountain / Panjang Mountain, and the Sertung Mountain increased the attraction of this region.

Although being classified as the barren area, but the Krakatau Mountain region was still keeping various flora collections and the rare fauna. Several flora collections that could be encountered here, in part, the coconut (cocos nucifera), ketapang (terminalia catappa), the casuarina (casuarina equisetifolia), et cetera. Various fauna wealth, like the biawak (varanus salvator), green penyu (cholenia midas), the python snake (phyton sp), the bat (pteropus vampirus), the king's birds of prawns (alcedo atthis), the lizard (lygosoma), the owl, and the butterfly, also could be encountered here.

Meantime, blue sea that orbited the Krakatau Mountain also not very bored was gazed at the eyes. Whereas for tourists who wanted to enjoy this region in different means, could provoke the fish in the bank foot the Krakatau Mountain that was occupied by various fish kinds. The seawater that was clean and clear very supportive the activity of tourists who wanted to swim or snorkeling. By diving, tourists would amazed saw the attraction and the life of the underwater biota, like the coral reef and various swimming fish kinds in a big manner. When being lucky, tourists could see one of the species of the fauna of sea that was seen pretty and funny with the red color combined the white line, that is the fish nemo (amphiprion ocellaris). Usually, the species that was called the clown's fish lived between poisonous corals and did not run when being approached by the divers.

When the sun goes down, exotic the Krakatau Mountain region increasingly seen. Tourists will be most amazed-amazed saw the attraction of the sun sank (sunset). From this mountain back, tourists could see the Sunda Strait beauty, Lampung Gulf that was beautiful, the attraction the West Coast Banten, went back and forth the crossing ship Merak-Bakauheni that always busy, and the flickering of the fisherman's chart from the distance. Moreover, there is also that nominated the Krakatau Mountain as one of the seven world miracles.

For tourists that was in the Banten Province, could raise the ship ferry (Roro) from the Merak Port, Cilegon City, headed the Bakauheni Port, Banda Lampung City, that could be followed in time 2.5 voyage hours. From the Bakauheni Port, raising the bus towards the Kalianda City, the capital of the South Lampung Regency, with time followed around 45 minutes, continued the trip. From the Kalianda City, tourists rose the bus still headed the Canti Village Quay with time followed around 10 minutes. Afterwards, from the Canti Village Quay, tourists could lease the motorboat towards the Krakatau Island with time followed around 150 minutes.

Apart from routes above, tourists could also access the Krakatau Mountain from the Anyer Coast, Carita Coast, and the Tanjung Lesung Coast that could be followed in time two hours with leased speedboat.

Accommodation means and closest tour facilities were received in the Kalianda City and the Sebesi Island, South Lampung District, as well as the tour region all along the West Coast Banten, like the Anyer Coast, Carita Coast, and the Tanjung Lesung Coast. In these places was gotten home stay, tattered ground, the sub-area, wisma, Vila, and the hotel with various types. This region was also supplemented with the tour hut, shelter, the arena played children, the restaurant, the parking lot, present centers and the souvenir, rental of equipment dove, as well as rental of the boat and speed boat.
source

mount merapi

Administratively Mount Merapi entered in the district of Sleman, Yogyakarta Province , Magelang regency, regency Boyolali, and Klaten district, Central Java Province . Mount Merapi (2911 m above sea level) is one of Indonesia's volcanoes are still active. The mountain is located approximately 30 km north of Yogyakarta City and included into the territory of the Province of Central Java and Yogyakarta.

Mount Merapi closely related to myths, beliefs and philosophy of Javanese society, especially communities around the volcano. This is illustrated by an imaginary line that connects the Mount Merapi with the South Sea (Indonesia Ocean) with the city of Yogyakarta as the central point. Imaginary line had two philosophical aspects, namely the Jagat Alit and the Jagat Ageng.

Jagat Alit is the process of human life from birth to face the Almighty. Tugu Yogyakarta is the point at which humans can be united with God when he is able to take life with a correct and "straight". Yogyakarta City Planning describes the meaning of philosophy through the road that stretches from south to north. However, the journey of human life could not be separated from the temptations of power and luxury. The temptation of power drawn through Kepatihan complex, while the temptation of wealth is reflected through Beringharjo who are on the road between the Sultan and the Tugu Yogyakarta.

Jagat Ageng meaningful a leader must give priority to the interests of society and the importance of conscience than the lust for power. Leaders must bases his leadership on the basis of belief in God. That is, the action must necessarily lead, based on what is allowed / ordered and forbidden by God. Therefore, the meaning of the imaginary line is that humans can be close and united with his Lord when he was able to interpret the true nature of life and behave as it has been commanded by God.

Beyond the philosophical meaning that links the presence of Mount Merapi, South Sea, and the Sultan Palace, Mount Merapi is a natural phenomenon that has its own privileges. Until now, Mount Merapi is still one that is still active volcanoes in Indonesia. Since erupted in 1548, Mount Merapi has erupted 68 times. Small eruption of Merapi activity occurs every 2-3 years and a large eruption occurred about 10-15 years - the last in 2006.

The eruption of Mount Merapi occurred in 1006, 1786, 1822, 1872,1930, and 2010. The eruption in 1006 is what is claimed as the cause of displacement Hindu Kingdom of Mataram to East Java. Meanwhile, the eruption that occurred in 1930 cost the lives of 1369 people. Eruptive activity has resulted in a height and shape of the peak of Merapi continues to change from time to time.

Climb Merapi is a challenge for you who like to adventure. The path to climb Merapi is not like the Like climbing lane. Sometimes the road is more like a trench from the top of the mountain. Similarly, along the climbing terrain: rocky, steep, and prone to landslides. Approaching Peak Garuda, the climbers to be extra careful and precise in making decisions because not infrequently trampled rocks precisely landslide - which can be fatal.

Mount Merapi offers a variety of interesting attractions. On the southern slope there Kinahrejo attractions that once a route from the south side. Here you can enjoy beautiful natural scenery or a visit to Tuk Pitu (seven eyes of Water).

You can also visit attractions Kaliurang, Kalikuning, Kaliadem, or the National Park of Mount Merapi, which became the park nature conservation area of Mount Merapi. Cool weather and beautiful scenery in this area will refresh you after a whole with the daily routine.

Around the tourist area of Kaliurang, there are some hotels that charge varies. There are also some small restaurants offering a variety of food menu. In addition, you can use climbing posts, both in Kinahrejo and in Plalangan, as a place of rest before and after the ascent. In fact, you may as well stay here. In each post, there are several guides available to take you to the top. Some of them also functions as a member of the SAR (Search and Rescue).

Usually, post this climb provides food and drink with a relatively cheap price. The young people around the posts that usually provide a souvenir in the form of stickers, t-shirts, keychains, and other trinkets. Before you start climbing, you must bring sufficient water supplies because you will be hard to find water on the slopes of Mount Merapi.

There are several hiking paths that can be taken to climb Merapi with the level of difficulty and distance, which is different. The path taken by the climbers could include:
First, line the south side of Mount Merapi, through Hamlet Kinahrejo. This path can be said as a gate to enter the Mount Merapi. The climbers who take this path will immediately be faced with a relatively heavy terrain with a slope of 30-34 degrees. The novice climber should avoid this route because the terrain is heavy. To get Kinahrejo, you can use the public transport department Yogyakarta-Ground. Then, from Ground to Kinahrejo within walking distance.

Second, the path Selo is on the north slope of Mount Merapi. This path is suitable for beginners in the morning the climbers climbing terrain that is not too heavy. The line was started from post ascent into the climbers basecamp. Command Post Plalangan ascent was in Hamlet, Village Lencoh. Transportation to reach this village: the majors Semarang Solo bus, get off at Boyolali. From Boyolali minibus ride to the Selo, Selo markets down at T-junction. From the T-junction towards post Selo markets climb a short walk about 1 km. It should be noted, minibuses Selo majors only until 17:00 pm.

source

kuta beach

Kuta Beach is a tourist spot located in the south of Denpasar, the capital of Bali, Indonesia . Kuta is located in Badung Regency. This area is a tourist destination abroad, and has been a mainstay of Bali as a tourist attraction since the early 70s. Kuta Beach is often referred to as sunset beach (sunset beach) as opposed to the Sanur beach.

For tourists (tourist) domestic and foreign tourists, enjoying the sunset on the Island of Bali was not complete if you have not watched the sunset (sunset) at Kuta Beach. Apart from sunset panorama, overlooking Kuta Beach is also quite impressive, namely curved line the crescent-shaped beaches with white sand along the + 2 km. Before you incarnated into a leading tourist attraction, formerly Kuta Beach is one trade port on the island of Bali which became the center of the marketing of agricultural products in rural people with buyers from outside. In the 19th century, Mads Lange, a Danish merchant, settled and established a trading base at Kuta Beach. Through negotiating skills, Mads Lange became intermediaries trade between the kings in Bali with the Dutch. In its development, began the famous Kuta Beach after Hugh Mahbett published a book entitled Praise for Kuta. It contained an invitation for local communities to prepare for supporting the development of tourism facilities, tourist visits to the Kuta Beach. Through the book, the discourse about the development of tourism facilities increasingly prevalent, so the construction of lodgings, restaurants, and entertainment venues is increasing.

As the most popular beach in Bali, beating tourist activity at Kuta Beach went from morning until early morning. In the morning, Kuta Beach is visited by tourists who want to breathe fresh air, just a stroll, or looking for breakfast. By noon, the tourists, both domestic and foreign ordinary scenery while sunbathing on the beach. There are also families who bring their children to play or swim in the beach sand. If the late afternoon, generally increases the number of tourists to witness the charm of this coast, namely sunset (sunset). When the night has crept, the atmosphere is more lively Kuta Beach with the atmosphere changing night life (night life), which is concentrated in a number of places of entertainment. Another attraction, Kuta Beach has waves that big a challenge for tourists to do sports surfing (surfing). This place is too often becomes the arena of national surfing competitions and world level. Nevertheless, Kuta Beach is also suitable for new beginners learn to surf.

As a center of tourism destinations in Bali, Kuta Beach has a range of support facilities, one of them is a training center and equipment rental surf. For tourists who want to learn to surf, this beach is available at special places that rent equipment as well as smooth and guides. In this beach is also available entertainment arena, such as bungy jumping, water boom and other game. In addition, along the Kuta Beach there are many different kinds of cafes, bars, pubs, discotheques, as well as live music event that is always occupied by many tourists to spend the time or just add to the entertainment at night.

For shopping enthusiasts, available around the Kuta Beach souvenir shops that sell handicrafts in various forms, various kinds of accessories, clothing typical of the coast, as well as T-shirts. Near Kuta Beach there are also supermarkets, hotels, guesthouse, as well as food stalls and restaurants that serve a variety of dishes with local flavor and global tastes.

If tourists want to just relax, on the outskirts of Kuta Beach there are the professional masseuse who can direct hired at a cost of about Rp. 20 000 for a half hour and Rp. 40,000 for an hour massage. There is also a seller of services that have the skills to beautify the appearance of tourists, such as makers temporary tattoos, nail coloring, and styling / hair.

To go to Kuta Beach, tourists can start the journey from Denpasar. From this provincial capital of Bali Kuta Beach is located about 11 km south. From Denpasar, tourists can use the public transportation service (taxi or bemo) with a long trip around 15-20 minutes.

source

Cendrawasih Gulf National Park

Administratively, the National Park is located in the district of Manokwari, West Papua, and Paniai Regency, Papua Province , Indonesia . Cendrawasih Gulf National Park is located on the island of Papua, and is the largest marine national park in Indonesia. National Park which was inaugurated by the Minister of Forestry in 1993, has extensive 1.4535 million ha, consisting of land and coastal areas (0.9%), mainland islands (3.8%), coral reefs (5.5% ), and ocean waters (89.8%). Paradise Bay has 14 species of protected flora. Most consist of tree species kasuarina. Moreover, in this park there are also 36 species of birds, where 18 of them are protected.

There are also 196 species of molluscs, 209 species of fish, and some turtles (hawksbill, green, leatherback, and hawksbill false). This area is also a good place for whales and dolphins. Both types of these animals can live in peace here because there is no hunting whales or dolphins, as well as still an abundance of food provided for them Paradise Bay.

Come to Cendrawasih Gulf, visitors can enjoy a variety of interesting objects scattered throughout the park. If you want to do marine tourism, Nusrowi Island, Yoop Island, and Island Mioswaar can be an attractive option. In the waters of these islands, visitors can enjoy the underwater beauty of the colorful and rich in objects that seduce the eye with a dive. In addition, visitors also can observe the behavior of whales and dolphins. If you want to explore the cave, visit just Mioswaar Island. Here there are natural caves and ancient relics are also hot springs that contain sulfur without salt content. This cave is a cave where there is historic because the framework Wandau ethnic ancestry. That said, they were the first human groups who came to this island. Numfor Island, also found a cave where there is a human skull and antique plates and coffin-like engraved. If want something a bit different, try to come to Cape Mangguar. Here, there are caves in the water with a depth of 100 feet. In addition, there are still Rumberpon island that offers a variety of interesting experiences. In this island, visitors can make observations on the birds, deer breeding, marine tourism, and also can see the framework of a sinking Japanese aircraft during World War II.

Visitors are not charged a ticket to enter Cendrawasih Gulf National Park. Only, if visitors want menjalajahi Paradise Bay are encouraged to report to the Hall of Cendrawasih Gulf National Park (BTNTC) in Manokwari to get Entry Mail Location (Simaksi). Meanwhile, for foreign tourists are required to obtain entry permits from the Forestry Department.

In this area are not yet available tourism facilities such as Dive Center, inn, or resort. However, for visitors who want to stay can use a tourist lodge in the District BTNTC Rumberpon or in people's homes. What is the mechanism to obtain lodgings can directly contact BTNTC. If you are in need a guide to explore Cendrawasih Gulf National Park, include these desires in a letter to the permit application BTNTC. Later, the party that will give BTNTC / appoint advisors.

Cendrawasih Gulf National Park can be reached through or from Nabire Manokwari (the capital of Paniai ). From Manokwari to the site of the National Park which is about 95 km can be achieved in several ways. First, visitors can use a motor boat which came three times a week with a 2.5-hour long journey. Second, the guests also can use with outboard motors travel time approximately 60-10 hours, or use a boat trip with my old pioneer PELNI between 18-20 hours. PELNI ships usually come to this park once a month. Third, visitors can also ride the Twin Otter aircraft owned by Merpati Nusantara or MAF's Cesna. However, after air travel, travel and equipment should be continued further with outboard motors submarine 3-4 hours.

In the meantime, if through Nabire, visitors will travel a distance 38 km to reach the Cendrawasih Gulf National Park. From here, visitors can use a motor boat with a travel time of 2-6 hours (depending on the type of motor boat).

source : http://bestindonesiaislands.com/index.php/Irian-Jaya/Indonesia-Vacation-Cendrawasih-Gulf-National-Park.html

senggigi beach

Senggigi was one of the coastal tourist attractions in Lombok that was famous would his beauty. Senggigi was located on the west of the Lombok Island coast. The coast that his location 12 kilometers from the north-west of Mataram lombok this, be unfolded almost along 10 km with the white sand carpet that still was beautiful and his underwater scenery that was beautiful.

The wave of the Senggigi coast was not too big because of being gotten the coral reef that soared in the middle caused the wave of the size to break before reaching the coast, so as tourists could do snorkeling to the full.

All along the Senggigi coast, could be encountered by you the gift shop that sold typical Lombok handicrafts like the painting, pearls jewellery, Lombok woven cloth, the handicraft et cetera. And don't forget to enjoy the beauty of the sun sank in the Senggigi coast. For accommodation, in the Senggigi coast was available various hotels with the varying price, from that was expensive to that was economical.

Was not far from the Senggigi coast, around half of the hour in a walking manner, could be encountered by you the Bolong Stone that is a temple that was built on coral. According to the legend, beforehand in this Bolong Stone of many women who threw himself to sea because broken-hearted. From this place you could see Mount Agung available in the Balinese Island. (hen)

source

The Material of The Presentation for Chapter C and D

C. VARIOUS FORMS OF TRAVEL TOURISM

A travel tourism can be distinguished in various forms viewed from different aspects.

1). In terms of the number of tourists, there are divided into:

a. Individual tour (personal tour), is a tour conducted by one person or a married couple.

b. Family group tour (tourist family), is a tour dilakuakan group of families who still have a kinship with each other.

c. Group tours (tour group), is a tour conducted jointly led by a person responsible for the safety and needs of all its members. Usually at least 10 people, based upon a piece of the company's principals for the eleventh, namely between 25 to 50% of the cost of flights or lodging.

2). In terms of settings, there are divided into:

a. Pre-Arranged tours which is a journey away from the previous tour had everything well organized transport, accommodation, and the objects that will be visited. Usually governed by a special institution to manage and organize and communicate with all agencies or institutions associated with these interests..

b. Package tour which is a travel product sold by a company or travel agency transport companies collaborating with where the price of package tours have included travel expenses, hotel, or other facilities that provide convenience for the buyer. In other words, this tour package is a tourism product which is a composition which is prepared and sold travel in order to provide convenience and practicality in the leisure traveler.

c. Coach tours which is a excursion travel packages sold by travel agencies led by a tour guide and a tour organized by routines, remain within a predetermined period of time as well as travel routes.


d. Special Arranged that is a trip tailored specifically to meet the demand for one or more subscriptions in accordance with their interests.

e. Optional Tour which is an additional travel outside the arrangement that had been developed and agreed its implementation, at the request of subscription.


3). In terms of intent and purpose, there are divided into:

a. Holidays tour which is a tour seminar was conducted and followed by its members in order to vacation, have fun and recreation.


b. Familiarization tour is a trip intended to find out more about the field or area that has a connection with his work. For example a travel agency that organizes overseas trips for his employees to Indonesia in order to recognize and then to provide better information about Indonesia, so that the package tour production may be sold easily.


c. Educational tours is a trip intended to give an illustration, a comparative study of knowledge or know the field of work he visited. Called study tour or travel requests knowledge.


d. Scientific Tour that is essentially the purpose of tour is to obtain knowledge or investigation of a certain field of science. For example excursions to see blooming corpse flower (Rafflesia Arnoldi), see a total solar eclipse in Java Tengeah June 11, 1983, investigating the lives of Komodo dragons, orangutans in Borneo, etc..


e. Pilgrimage tour which meant trips to conduct religious worship, for example Umrah trip by a travel agency PATUNA Consortium (Pantravel, Tunas Indonesia, and Natrabu), tours to Lourdes in southern France, the tour followed in Borobudur temple waicak- Pawon-Mendut, etc..


f. Special Mission tour is a tour conducted by a special purpose, such as trade missions, the mission of art, etc..


g. Special Programme tour is a trip intended to fill a particular vacancy, for example Laddies Programme, a kujungan into a tourist attraction by the wife or partner because of her husband attending a meeting, convention or special meeting.


h. Hunting tour which is a tourist visit is intended to organize the hunting of animals permitted by the authorities solely for entertainment, such as wild boar hunting in Sumatra, hunting kangaroos in Australia, etc..


4). In terms of implementation, there are divided into:

a. Excursion (excursion), which is a short distance trips are taken less than 24 hours to visit one or more of a tourist attraction.


b. Safari tour, a tour organized specifically with equipment and special equipment is also a goal or object is not an object traveling in general. For example, a trip to a safari tour in East Java Blauran, Ujungkulon safari tours, safari tours to Komodo Island in East Nusa Tenggara, etc..


c. Cruise tours, which travel by boat cruise tour visiting marine tourism objects and attractions on land, but using a cruise ship as a its dispatch base.


d. Youth Tour is the tour visits, which is a special implementation is designed for adolescents by age group set by the law of each State. In Indonesia generally considered teenagers, they are still in high school education has not been sitting on the bench, universities, or those whose age was under 21 years old and unmarried.


e. Marine tours which is a special tourist visits to see the beauty of the ocean, Wreck diving (diving with full diving equipment).







E. VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF TRAVEL TOURISM


In an effort to meet the needs and tastes of tourists in order to obtain the satisfaction it gives birth to a new element to consider is the service factor. Preparing for services and products must comply with the demands for compliance kebuthan tourists. Thus arises the further specialization dala service and formed a distribution service by their respective supporters tourism industry.

Means of tourism can be divided into three main elements, namely:


1. Principal means of tourism (tourism main superstructure).
a) The general travel bureau and travel agents;
b) tourist transport whether by land, sea or air;
c) Accommodation (lodging);
d) Restaurant (catering trades);
e) The object of tourism, among others:
- The beauty of nature (natural amenitiea), climate, scenery, fauna and flora of the weird (Uncommon vegetation and animals), forest (the Sylvan elemens) and health centers (health resources), such as sulfur hot springs, mud baths, etc..
- Creation of human (man made supply) seperiti monuments, temples, art galleries, etc..
f) attractions (tourist attraction)
- Creation of human like art, festival, party rituals, traditional wedding ceremonies, circumcision, etc..
2. Complementary means of tourism (tourism supplementing superstructure):
- Recreation and sports facilities such as gold course, tennis court, spa, horse riding, photography, etc..
- Public infrastructure such as roads, bridges, electricity, airports, telecommunications, water supply, ports, etc..

3. Support facilities for tourism (tourism supporting superstructure):
- Night club and Steambath
- Casino and Entertainment
- Souvenir Shops, mailing service, etc.

Thus, the travel agency and travel agent is one of the main industry of tourism.

The main task is to form a travel agent instead of planning all aspects of travel, a subscription, and for that he should know really.

a. That he should be able to fully understand the needs of a customer who wanted to travel.
b. That he should decide, on the basis of experience and consideration, for not biased in choosing the transport company, hotel accommodation and excellent service to its customers in order presented.
c. That he should have direct knowledge or experience concerning the area to be visited by the subscription, because in the mind of a subscription, is a person in authority, who know the area so that travel plans are drawn up is a successful plan.
d. That he should strive to satisfy its customers that allows them to travel once again in the period not longer.

To perform its function as a tour organizer who managed the travel agency should have personnel who are knowledgeable, skillful and have the confidence (self-confidence is high).

One of which is the key to successful travel arrangements is if the travel agency that provides either of the tour guides. The guide is a communicator between the interests of the company with customers in the implementation of a tourism trip. He is also a public relations officer (public relations officer) for a company that represents travel agents. Is, in accordance with public relations sense, people who always maintains a continuous process (continuous) of business-management business (the company) to obtain the goodwill of its customers, employees, and the general public (the customer, pen.), Ie entered into the improvements to yourself, out by holding the claims.

Thus it is clear duties and responsibilities of tour guides need a specific job, the job is well educated and professionally trained (skilled and Trained personnel).

Source :

1. Prabowohadi, Susetyo. 1983. Teknik Memandu Wisata. Baturaden.

2. http://www.banjar-jabar.go.id/index.php?pilih=news&mod=yes&aksi=lihat&id=313
3. http://www.slideshare.net/guesta6d97ce/bab-i-fix

Istana Maharani Cave

Istana Maharani Cave is located in Tanjung Kodok, District Paciran, Lamongan, East Java, Indonesia . Lamongan, East Java, has a fairly well-known cave, the cave Maharani. This cave is about 500 meters from the northern coast of Java and was at a depth of 25 meters below ground level. The cave with an area of 2,500 m2 was found on August 6, 1992 by a group of miners phosphate.

For some people, the Cave of Maharani considered to have advantages compared to other caves in Indonesia because it has a cluster of stalactites, stalagmites are captivating. Istana Maharani Cave beauty can be equated with Spain's Altamira Cave, Mammoth Cave in the United States, and Coranche Cave in France.

Limestone rocks in the cave was created to form a variety of form which was very impressive. Stalactites and stalagmites that have called Linga Pratala (a vital tool of male), Yoni Pratiwi (a vital tool of women), Cempaka Tirta (kantil flower), Reefs King Lizard (like dinosaurs), Selo Elephant (resembling an elephant's head), Rose flowers, banyan trees and various other forms of unique and beautiful. According to researcher Dr. K.R.T. Khoo, a cave expert from Indonesia in Bogor Speleologi Foundation, stalactites and stalagmites in the Istana Maharani cave is still "alive" and continue to grow about 1 cm every ten years.

Maharani Cave in the complex, dozens of lights arranged in such a way as to highlight the cluster of stalactites, stalagmites, which reflect light colors are captivating. So that visitors feel more comfortable, on the inside of the cave is also equipped with a music player that reflects the slow rhythmic tunes and fans to add fresh atmosphere.

If not satisfied because only enjoy the scenery in the cave, tourists can enjoy the recreational arena Marine Tourism Lamongan in front of the cave complex. Marine tourism beach Lamongan an arena tour with a variety of facilities and games agility, have a go-kart arena sports and motor-cross, world water, and other recreational facilities.

The visitors are not allowed to bring bags, jackets, and helmets / caps into the cave. Therefore, these items can be deposited free of charge to duty officer. If you want to perpetuate a visit to these attractions, the officers on site ready to serve the shooting immediately so (polaraid) or ordinary shooting. In addition, to increase knowledge about the ins and outs of Maharani Cave, around the cave sold paperback book titled The cave Natural Enchantment Istana Maharani in Tanjung Kodok Lamongan.

The cave was opened to the public every day at 7:30 to 12:00 am and 13:00 to 17:00 o'clock pm. To get to the cave Istana Maharani, visitors can go to Lamongan either from the direction of Surabaya and the town of Tuban, because Maharani Cave is situated on the edge of the road crossings at Gresik, Tuban, East Java.

Distance between Surabaya-Lamongan about 70 km, so it can be reached by the time 1.5 hours using public transport (buses) and private vehicles. While the direction of Tuban which is 30 km away, visitors can reach Lamongan with public or private vehicles for half an hour.

sources :
http://bestindonesiaislands.com/index.php/Jawa/Adventure-of-Indonesia-Istana-Maharani-Cave.html
http://www.eastjava.com/tourism/lamongan/galleries/maharani-cave/index3.html

Flying Rod : Ikan langit yang misterius

Rod yang kadang disebut juga sebagai ikan langit, adalah sebuah ketertarikan baru dalam bidang cryptozoology. Ia adalah makhluk yang terbang dan berputar dengan kecepatan tinggi sehingga sukar ditangkap oleh mata telanjang. Satu-satunya bukti adanya rod adalah gambar yang ditangkap oleh kamera karena kemampuannya menangkap gerakan yang lebih akurat.

Rod yang kadang disebut juga sebagai ikan langit, adalah sebuah ketertarikan baru dalam bidang cryptozoology. Ia adalah makhluk yang terbang dan berputar dengan kecepatan tinggi sehingga sukar ditangkap oleh mata telanjang. Satu-satunya bukti adanya rod adalah gambar yang ditangkap oleh kamera karena kemampuannya menangkap gerakan yang lebih akurat.

Seorang yang bernama Jose Escamilla adalah orang yang pertama kali mengklaim sebagai penemu Rod. Ia menangkap gambar Rod yang sedang terbang dengan kamera saat ia merekam kegiatan Base Jumper di gua Swallow, Meksiko. Jose Camilla bahkan percaya bahwa Rod adalah manifestasi dari Ufo sehingga ia menamai websitenya roswellrods.com, dari kata Roswell dan rods. Roswell adalah sebuah kota di New Meksiko yang dipercaya sebagai tempat penyimpanan artefak ufo dan tubuh alien oleh pemerintah Amerika Serikat (Area 51).

Entitas ini disebut Rod karena bentuk tubuhnya yang seperti tongkat. Dari observasi lewat kamera, dapat disimpulkan bahwa panjang Rod berkisar antara 10 cm hingga 5 meter. Dan Rod juga dapat mengendalikan arah terbangnya persis seperti burung atau serangga.

Rod memiliki tubuh seperti membran tipis seperti ubur-ubur yang meliputi tulang axis mereka. Beberapa mengklaim bahwa Rod adalah hewan yang belum dikenal dan kemungkinan masih keluarga anomalocarids yang terbang. Beberapa menganggap bahwa Rod adalah sebuah manifestasi UFO yang terbang dengan kecepatan tinggi. Beberapa lagi beranggapan bahwa Rod adalah sebuah trik yang tercipta akibat merekam video dan memutar ulang rekaman tersebut.



Di atas adalah Rod yang terekam oleh kameramen Fox News saat merekam perang Irak.

History Channel pernah mengupas tentang Rod dalam Monster Quest season 1. Saat itu, mereka mengadakan penelitian dengan menggunakan dua kamera. Satu kamera tradisional dan satu lagi kamera berkecepatan tinggi. Kamera tradisional menangkap gambar Rod yang sedang melintas dengan sayap yang mengepak, sedangkan kamera berkecepatan tinggi hanya menangkap seekor serangga yang sedang melintas di ladang.

Tapi para pemercaya Rod mengkritik teori tersebut dan mengatakan bahwa Kamera tradisional tidak mungkin bisa menangkap gambar dengan kejernihan yang tinggi seperti yang terdapat pada gambar-gambar Rod di seluruh dunia.

Di bawah ini sepasang Rod yang terekam dengan jernih terbang keluar dari gua.



Rod putih yang terbang di dekat batang pohon.



Rod terekam kamera halaman parkir.



Sampai saat ini Rod yang misterius masih menjadi perdebatan di kalangan ilmuwan dan ufolog.

(wikipedia)

Baca juga pemecahan misteri Flying Rod di: Misteri Flying Rod - penjelasan.

Mengapa Ayam Menyebrang Jalan? (menurut banyak Org dari politikus, ilmuan, orang sipi

Mengapa Ayam Menyebrang Jalan? (menurut banyak Org dari politikus, ilmuan, orang sipiL Dll)

Berikut jawaban-jawaban mereka:
Roy Suryo:
Ini rekayasa, kalau saya teliti dari metadata ayam tersebut bahwa ayam itu telah mengalami modifikasi sedemikian rupa sehingga jadilah dalam tanda kutep ayam yang sempurna. Jadi bahwa ayam ini adalah rekayasa adalah bhenar bahwa 100% ini adalah rekayasa. (ribet ngomongnya sambil matanya jelalatan)

Guru TK :
Supaya sampai ke ujung jalan.

FBI:
Beri saya lima menit dengan ayam itu, saya akan tahu kenapa.

Aristoteles:
Karena merupakan sifat alami dari ayam.

Martin Luther King, Jr.:
Saya memimpikan suatu dunia yang membebaskan semua ayam menyeberang jalan tanpa mempertanyakan kenapa.

Freud:
Fakta bahwa kalian semua begitu peduli pada alasan ayam itu menunjukkan ketidaknyamanan seksual kalian yang tersembunyi.

George W Bush:
Kami tidak peduli kenapa ayam itu menyeberang! Kami cuma ingin tau apakah ayam itu ada di pihak kami atau tidak, apa dia bersama kami atau melawan kami. Tidak ada pihak tengah di sini!

Darwin:
Ayam telah melalui periode waktu yang luar biasa, telah melalui seleksi alam dengan cara tertentu dan secara alami tereliminasi dengan menyeberang jalan.

Einstein:
Apakah ayam itu menyeberang jalan atau jalan yang bergerak di bawah ayam itu, itu semua tergantung pada
sudut pandang kita sendiri.

Nelson Mandela:
Tidak akan pernah lagi ayam ditanyai kenapa menyeberang jalan! Dia adalah panutan yang akan saya bela sampai mati!

Thabo Mbeki:
Kita harus mencari tahu apakah memang benar ada kolerasi antara ayam dan jalan.

Isaac Newton:
Semua ayam di bumi ini kan menyeberang jalan secara tegak lurus dalam garis lurus yang tidak terbatas dalam kecepatan yang seragam, terkecuali jika ayam berhenti karena ada reaksi yang tidak seimbang dari arah berlawanan.

Programmer Oracle:
Tidak semua ayam dapat menyeberang jalan, maka dari itu perlu adanya interface untuk ayam yaitu nyeberangable, ayam-ayam yang ingin atau bisa menyeberang diharuskan untuk mengimplementasikan nya jadi di sini sudah jelas terlihat bahwa antara ayam dengan jalan sudah loosely coupled.

Sutiyoso:
Itu ayam pasti ingin naik busway.

Soeharto:
Ayam-ayam mana yang ndak nyebrang, tak gebuk semua! Kalo perlu ya dikebumiken saja.

Habibie:
Ayam menyeberang dikarenakan ada daya tarik gravitasi, dimana terjadi percepatan yang mengakibatkan sang ayam mengikuti rotasi dan berpindah ke seberang jalan.

Ariel:
Karena ingin menghapus jejakmu

Nia Dinata:
Pasti mau casting ‘30 Hari Mencari Ayam’ ya?

Desi Ratnasari:
No comment!

Dhani Ahmad:
Asal ayam itu mau poligami, saya rasa gak ada masalah mau nyebrang kemana juga…

Chinta Laura:
Ayam nyebrang jhalaan..? Karena gak ada owject…biecheeck. …

Julia Perez:
Memangnya kenapa kalo ayam itu menyeberang jalan? Karena sang jantan ada di sana !
Daripada sang betina sendirian di seberang sini, yaaahhhh dia kesana
laahh…
Cape khan pake alat bantu terus?

Roy Marten:
Ayam itu khan hanya binatang biasa, pasti bisa khilaf…
(sambil sesenggukan) .

Butet Kartaredjasa:
Lha ya jelas untuk menghindari grebekan kamtib to?

Megawati:
Ayamnya pasti ayam wong cilik. Dia jalan kaki toh?

Harmoko:
Berdasarkan petunjuk presiden

Gus Dur :
‘Kenapa ayam nyebrang jalan? Ngapain dipikirin? Gitu aja kok repot!’

Legenda Atlantis, Indonesia Masuk Wilayahnya?

ATLANTIS adalah legenda, Atlantis adalah misteri, dan Atlantis selalu mengundang pertanyaan. Benua yang disebut sebagai taman eden atau surga itu diyakini menjadi pusat peradaban dunia pada zaman es.

Meskipun manusia sudah mencari sisa-sisa keberadaan kota ini selama ratusan tahun dan lebih dari 5.000 buku mengenai Atlantis diterbitkan, tidak ada satu pun yang bisa memastikan di mana sebenarnya Atlantis berada dan benarkah Atlantis itu memang ada atau hanya dongeng yang dikisahkan filsuf Yunani, Plato. Ratusan ekspedisi yang menjelajahi Siprus, Afrika, Laut Mediterania, Amerika Selatan, Kepulauan Karibia hingga Mesir untuk mencari jejak Atlantis pun belum memperoleh bukti valid di mana surga Atlantis berada.

Setelah puluhan wilayah sebelumnya tidak juga memberi bukti valid, Indonesia kini disebut-sebut sebagai tempat Atlantis sesungguhnya, sebuah surga dunia yang tenggelam dalam waktu sehari semalam. Di antara begitu banyak pakar yang meyakini Atlantis berada di Indonesia adalah Profesor Arysio Santos. Geolog dan fisikawan nuklir asal Brasil ini melakukan penelitian selama 30 tahun untuk meneliti keberadaan Atlantis. Lewat bukunya, Atlantis: The Lost Continent Finally Found, Santos memberikan sejumlah paparan serta analisisnya. Santos menelusur lokasi Atlantis berdasarkan pendekatan ilmu geologi, astronomi, paleontologi, arkeologi, linguistik, etnologi, dan comparative mythology.

Menurut Santos, tidak kunjung ditemukannya jejak Atlantis karena orang-orang mencari di tempat yang salah. Mereka seharusnya mencari lokasi tersebut di Indonesia karena berbagai bukti yang kuat mendukung hal tersebut. Pendapat Santos ini memang masih diperdebatkan mengingat hingga kini belum ada ekspedisi khusus untuk mencari lokasi Atlantis di kepuluan Indonesia. Dalam keyakinan Santos, Atlantis merupakan benua yang membentang dari bagian selatan dari India bagian selatan, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Jawa, Kalimantan, dan Paparan Sunda.

Santos meyakini benua menghilang akibat letusan beberapa gunung berapi yang terjadi bersamaan pada akhir zaman es sekira 11.600 tahun lalu. Di antara gunung besar yang meletus zaman itu adalah Gunung Krakatau Purba (induk Gunung Krakatau yang meletus pada 1883) yang konon letusannya sanggup menggelapkan seluruh dunia. Letusan gunung berapi yang terjadi bersamaan ini menimbulkan gempa, pencairan es, banjir, serta gelombang tsunami sangat besar. Saat gunung berapi itu meletus, ledakannya membuka Selat Sunda. Peristiwa itu juga mengakibatkan tenggelamnya sebagian permukaan bumi yang kemudian disebut Atlantis.

Bencana mahadahsyat ini juga mengakibatkan punahnya hampir 70 persen spesies mamalia yang hidup pada masa itu, termasuk manusia. Mereka yang selamat kemudian berpencar ke berbagai penjuru dunia dengan membawa peradaban mereka di wilayah baru. “Kemungkinan besar dua atau tiga spesies manusia seperti ‘hobbit’ yang baru-baru ini ditemukan di Pulau Flores musnah dalam waktu yang hampir sama,” tulis Santos. Sebelum terjadinya bencana banjir itu, beberapa wilayah Indonesia seperti Sumatera, Jawa, Kalimantan, dan Nusa Tenggara diyakini masih menyatu dengan semenanjung Malaysia serta Benua Asia.

Berdasarkan cerita Plato, Atlantis merupakan negara makmur yang bermandi matahari sepanjang waktu. Dasar inilah yang menjadi salah satu teori Santos mengenai keberadaan Atlantis di Indonesia. Perlu dicatat bahwa Atlantis berjaya saat sebagian besar dunia masih diselimuti es di mana temperatur bumi kala itu diperkirakan lebih dingin 15 derajat Celsius daripada sekarang. Wilayah yang bermandi sinar matahari sepanjang waktu pastilah berada di garis khatulistiwa dan Indonesia memiliki prasyarat untuk itu. Dalam cerita yang dituturkan Plato, Atlantis juga digambarkan menjadi pusat peradaban dunia dari budaya, kekayaan alam, ilmu/teknologi, bahasa, dan lain-lain.

Plato juga menceritakan negara Atlantis yang kaya dengan bahan mineral serta memiliki sistem bercocok tanam yang sangat maju. Merujuk cerita Plato, wilayah Atlantis haruslah berada di daerah yang diyakini beriklim tropis yang memungkinkan adanya banyak bahan mineral dan pertanian yang maju karena sistem bercocok tanam yang maju hanya akan tumbuh di daerah yang didukung iklim yang tepat seperti iklim tropis. Kekayaan Indonesia termasuk rempah-rempah menjadi kemungkinan lain akan keberadaan Atlantis di wilayah Nusantara ini. Kemasyhuran Indonesia sebagai surga rempah dan mineral bahkan kemudian dicari-cari Dunia Barat.

Menurut Santos, pulau-pulau di Indonesia yang mencapai ribuan itu merupakan puncak-puncak gunung dan dataran-dataran tinggi benua Atlantis yang dulu tenggelam. Satu hal yang ditekankan Santos adalah banyak peneliti selama ini terkecoh dengan nama Atlantis. Mereka melihat kedekatan nama Atlantis dengan Samudera Atlantik yang terletak di antara Eropa, Amerika dan Afrika. Padahal pada masa kuno hingga era Christoper Columbus atau sebelum ditemukannya Benua Amerika, Samudra Atlantik yang dimaksud adalah terusan Samudra Pasifik dan Hindia.

Sekali lagi Indonesia memiliki syarat untuk itu karena Indonesia berada di antara dua samudera tersebut. Jika terdapat begitu banyak kemungkinan Indonesia menjadi lokasi sesungguhnya Atlantis lalu, mengapa selama ini nama Indonesia jarang disebut-sebut dalam referensi Atlantis? Santos menilai keengganan Dunia Barat melakukan ekspedisi ataupun mengakui Indonesia sebagai wilayah Atlantis adalah karena hal itu akan mengubah catatan sejarah tentang siapa penemu perdaban. Dengan adanya sejumlah bukti mengenai keberadaan Atlantis di Indonesia maka teori yang mengatakan Barat sebagai penemu dan pusat peradaban dunia akan hancur.

“Kenyataan Atlantis (berada di Indonesia) kemungkinan besar akan mengakibatkan perlunya revisi besar-besaran dalam ilmu humaniora, seperti antropologi, sejarah, linguistik, arkelogi, evolusi, paleantropologi dan bahkan mungkin agama,” tulis Santos dalam bukunya. Selain Santos, banyak arkeolog Amerika Serikat yang juga meyakini Atlantis adalah sebuah pulau besar bernama Sunda Land yang luasnya dua kali negara India. Daratan itu kini tinggal Sumatra, Jawa dan Kalimantan. Salah satu pulau di Indonesia yang kemungkinan bisa menjadi contoh terbaik dari keberadaan sisa-sisa Atlantis adalah Pulau Natuna, Riau.

Berdasarkan penelitian, gen yang dimiliki penduduk asli Natuna mirip dengan bangsa Austronesia tertua. Rumpun bangsa Austronesia yang menjadi cikal bakal bangsa-bangsa Asia merupakan sebuah fenomena besar dalam sejarah keberadaan manusia. Rumpun ini kini tersebar dari Madagaskar di barat hingga Pulau Paskah di Timur. Rumpun bangsa ini juga melahirkan 1.200 bahasa yang kini tersebar di berbagai belahan bumi dan dipakai lebih dari 300 juta orang. Yang menarik, 80 persen dari rumpun penutur bahasa Austronesia tinggal di Kepulauan Nusantara Indonesia. Namun, pendapat Santos dkk yang meyakini bahwa Atlantis berada di Indonesia ini masih harus dikaji karena kurang dilengkapi bukti-bukti.

Pakar Geoteknologi Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) Prof Wahyu Hantoro mengatakan analisa Santos masih berupa hipotesa. Wahyu juga menilai pelu dijelaskan lebih lanjut kategorisasi jenis kebudayaan tinggi yang ada pada zaman Atlantis serta gelombang setinggi apa yang bisa membuat Paparan Sunda terbelah.


http://international.okezone.com/

TRANSPORTATION

Public and Privat Transportation

Transportation belong to U.K government

The United Kingdom is known as the site of origin of some of the most innovative solutions that have helped establish the global transportation network as we know it today. It's no wonder, then, that the country continues to be one of the most strategic spots on the world map of transportation routes, a major transfer point for international connections and an attractive destination in its own right.

Bus
The country's National Express is the largest coach service provider in Europe. The distinctive white National Express coaches serve more than 1,000 destinations, carrying over 16,000,000 passengers a year. Eurolines coaches connect the British and Northern Irish cities to 500 destinations across Europe. The largest domestic carrier is Stagecoach UK Bus, running a fleet of 7,000 buses and coaches between hundreds of cities and towns in the country.

Car
In the United Kingdom, cars drive on the left side of the road. Arriving by car from France, it's possible to take a ferry or cross on a shuttle car train running the Eurotunnel under the English Channel. The Channel Tunnel has provided a rail/road connection since 1994. Shuttle trains carry cars from Calais, France to Folkestone, the journey taking around 40 minutes. Fares start at £49 one way. The most basic motorway junction is a two-lane flyover with four slip-roads, where there are two on each side of the motorway, to exit or enter. In the country, the majority of motorways and dual carriageways allow a maximum speed limit of 70 mph (110 km/h) for cars.

Train
As the United Kingdom is the place where the steam engine was invented, its railway network is the oldest in the world. More than 20 train operators service nearly 5,000 kilometres of electrified track, making it easy to get into and around the country. The famous Eurostar high-speed train service, running through the tunnel under the English Channel, allows you to reach London from Paris in 2.5 hours. For 4 to 15 days of unlimited travel on trains within the United Kingdom, it's recommended to invest in the BritRail Pass.


Air
The United Kingdom boasts well over a hundred airports scattered around Great Britain, Northern Ireland and even the smaller off-shore islands. Virtually all of the airports serve international flights. London has a total of six airports: Heathrow, Stansted, Gatwick, Luton, Biggin Hill and London City. Heathrow Airport is considered Europe's busiest. It handles more than 60,000,000 international passengers per year, more than any other airport in the world. The major airports in Scotland are Edinburgh and Glasgow, Cardiff in Wales, and Belfast in Northern Ireland. The national carrier, British Airways, as well as a number of other airlines and low-cost carriers provide scheduled domestic and international connections.

Ferry
There are regular ferry services that connect the British and Northern Irish passenger ports with harbours in Belgium, France, Denmark, Germany, Spain, Ireland, Norway and Sweden. Major ferry operators include P&O European Ferries, Stena Line, Sea France and many others. The most important ferry terminals are located in Plymouth, Poole, Dover and Portsmouth.

City Transport
Major cities in the United Kingdom boast the world's oldest public transportation systems. The London metro, commonly known as the Tube, is the oldest underground system, in operation since 1863. The metro in Glasgow was opened in 1896, and is the third-oldest in the world. Apart from the underground, the major cities rely upon conveniently planned bus networks, with the famous red double-deckers servicing London. In recent years, tram service has seen a revival all around the country, with many cities restoring their previously neglected tram networks.


source : http://www.europe-cities.com/en/637/uk_england/transportation/

telaah pranata masyarakat inggris

1. Why the other name of Union Flag in UK is Union Jack?

Because it embodies the emblems of three countries united under one monarch.
And according to the sources that I read, The first use of the name 'Union' appears in 1625. There are various theories how it became known as the 'Union Jack', but most of the evidence points to the name being derived from the use of the word 'jack' as a diminutive. This word was in use before 1600 to describe a small flag flown from the small mast mounted on the bowsprit, and by 1627 it appears that a small version of the Union flag was commonly flown in this position. For some years it was called just 'the Jack', or 'Jack flag', or 'the King's Jack', but by 1674, while formally referred to as 'His Majesty's Jack', it was commonly called the Union Jack, and this was officially acknowledged.

Sourch : http://www.crwflags.com

2. why were the crosses named st. Andrew, st. Patrick, and st. george? Are those the names of important of people?

*St Andrew : Andrew was one of Christ's disciples and legend has it he was active in Scythia, and crucified on a cross with diagonal beams. His remains were preserved, and (again by legend) Constantine wanted to remove them to Constantinople. A Greek monk was warned by an angel of this intent, and instructed to take them to the ends of the Earth. This he did, until he was shipwrecked in Scotland. Some of Andrew's relics were known to have been brought to St. Andrews, Scotland, by the Bishop of Hexham in 733 AD (Hexham Abbey is also dedicated to St. Andrew). In 1160 AD, St. Andrews Cathedral was erected, and the saint's relics were kept there until the cathedral was destroyed during the Reformation. The earliest record to the Saint Andrew's cross flag dates from 1165 AD, where reference is made to a 9th Century battle. This was known in the 16th Century, although no record of the original source remains today.

*St. Patrick : Saint Patrick was a Christian missionary and is the patron saint of Ireland along with Brigid of Kildare and Kolumba. Patrick was born in Roman Britain. When 16 years old, he was arrested by Irish robbers and brought as slaves to Ireland. There he stayed for six years, then fled and returned to his family. He entered the church, as well as his father and grandfather before, became a deacon and the bishop. Later he returned to Ireland as a missionary, working in the area north and west of the island, but little is known about where he actually worked and no link could be found between Patrick with any church. In the 8th century, he has become the patron saint of Ireland, mainly because the monastery propaganda Armagh who claimed to save relics. Irish monasteries developed the system after a period of Patrick and the Church of Ireland did not develop the diocesan model that has been tried established by Patrick and other early missionaries.
The available evidence does not allow us to establish with certainty the time of Patrick, but it seems he was active as a missionary in Ireland in the latter half of the 5th century. Two letters survive, along with a number of recent hagiografia from the 7th century onwards. Many of these works can not be accepted as an authentic tradition. When the history of Ulster (see below) accepted uncritically, so that means Patrick live at 373 to 493, and served in Northern Ireland since 433.

Legend also mentions that Patrick teaches the concept of the Trinity to the nation Isrlandia by showing them the leaf shamrock, clover type with three pieces of leaves, and use it to show the Christian belief of 'three persons in one God' (so opposed to the Arian belief that popular at the time Patrick ). Are these legends true or not, the fact that there are so many legends about Patrick shows how important his ministry for the Irish. Some Irish legends involve Oilliphéist, Caoránach, and Copóg Phádraig.

*St. george : St George's Cross (or the Cross of St George) is a red cross on a white background used as a symbolic reference to Saint George . The red cross on white was associated with St George from medieval times. St George's Cross has been adopted on the coat of arms and flags of several countries and cities which have St George as a patron saint, notably England , Georgia , Greece , Genoa and Barcelona . The cross is also found, for various reasons, on the provincial flag of Huesca , Zaragoza and Teruel as well as the municipal flag for numerous cities, including Montreal , Almería , Milan , Genoa , Padua , Zadar and Freiburg im Breisgau . It is also the basis for the Four Moors flag of Sardinia . Guernsey was permitted to use it as its state flag between 1936 and 1985. Historically, the cross appeared on many now extinct flags, emblems and coats of arms, such as that of the Swabian League in late Medieval Germany. Historically, the cross appeared on many now extinct flags, emblems and coats of arms, such as that of the Swabian League in late Medieval Germany.




3. Why it was only nothen Ireland, why shouthern Ireland didn’t joined?

In 1922, Southern ireland was finally granted independance from the UK, with northern Ireland (as Ulster was now known) remaining part of the UK and having Home Rule, whereby they would manage their own internal affairs. Southern Ireland was now satisfied, but in Northern ireland there was conflict between revolutionaries who wanted to join the independant southern ireland, and those who wanted to remain part of the UK. There were also problems in that the Northern ireland parliament governed in a disciminatory way, deliberately treating protestants favourably and discriminating against catholics (who made up 1/3 of the population)

Sourch : http://uk.answers.yahoo.com